A stinger can be a short musical burst and or sound effect that highlights a specific event on screen. This can either heighten an emotion or event. Where stingers are very noticeable if it's less pronounced it would be an 'added value sound'. Finally there are empathetic sounds which are just music and/or sound effects that match the mood of the scene. If they're done correctly it creates synchresis which is an emotional link between the visual scene and the matching audio.

With music it would be an 'underscore', that is music that provides an emotional base to the scene.

If you're creating something purposely dissonant and horrible sounding to represent a maddening and awful scene evoking strongly negative emotions it's misophonia.

Alternatively when there is a sudden and purposeful absence of sound and or music but the effects are muted it's MOS (Motor Only Shot, or Mit Out Sound, or Music over Sound). You see this in films a lot usually when something abrupt and dramatic happens. Usually signifying a numbness or lack of emotions.